What do the Grade 12 English cards cover?

13 cards across 5 chapters of the national textbook: Sustainable Development, Time Management, Evidence on Traffic Accident, Natural Resource Management and Mechanized Agriculture. You can take any chapter one card at a time on the page itself.

Do these help with the Grade 12 national exam?

Yes. Grade 12 sits a national exam, and these are the English rules and formulas it expects you to know. Past papers with a worked answer behind every question are on the same site, also free.

Where do these cards come from?

They are drafted from Grade 12 English, the Ministry of Education textbook for this grade. A second pass that cannot see the chapter then re-derives every formula, constant and table row, and anything it cannot confirm is held back instead of published.

Yes. Every card here is free to read and the printable sheet is free to download. Neither needs an account.

When was this last checked?

30 August 2026. Cards arrive chapter by chapter, and the line under each one says when that card was last read through.

Free short notes and revision cards

Grade 12 English

Grade 12 English on Temari has 13 revision cards, arranged by the chapters of the Ethiopian national curriculum. Every card says when the rule applies, what each symbol in it stands for, and the mistake students most often make with it. They are free to read and need no account.

13
Cards: 5
Chapters: 4
Reference tables: Grade 12 English
Textbook: Free
Price: 30 August 2026
Last checked

Everything13Rule7Reference table4Method2

Sustainable Development

Contrast Connectors: Although and DespiteRulealthough / even though · despite / in spite of · despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that

Connector	Followed By	Example
although / even though	Subject + Verb (Clause)	Although it rained, we went out.
despite / in spite of	Noun / Gerund (-ing) / Pronoun	Despite the rain, we went out.
despite the fact that / in spite of the fact that	Subject + Verb (Clause)	Despite the fact that it rained, we went out.

When you use it

Use to express contrast between two opposing ideas in a sentence.

Watch out

Never write 'despite of'. Use 'despite' alone or 'in spite of'.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 1-23, then checked twice before it went up

Pronunciation of Regular Past Suffix -edRule/t/ or /d/ · Voiceless: /p/, /f/, /k/, /s/, /sh/, /ch/, /th/ · Voiced: /b/, /v/, /g/, /z/, /j/, /th/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, vowels

Base Final Sound	Suffix Sound	Examples
/t/ or /d/	/-id/	wanted, decided, needed
Voiceless: /p/, /f/, /k/, /s/, /sh/, /ch/, /th/	/-t/	watched, finished, stopped, laughed
Voiced: /b/, /v/, /g/, /z/, /j/, /th/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /r/, vowels	/-d/	planned, called, loved, agreed

When you use it

Use to decide whether the regular past suffix -ed is pronounced as /-t/, /-d/, or /-id/.

Watch out

Do not pronounce -ed as /-id/ unless the base verb ends in a /t/ or /d/ sound.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 1-23, then checked twice before it went up

Sentence FragmentsRuleMissing Subject · Missing Verb · Dependent Clause Alone

Fragment Type	Problem	Correction Method
Missing Subject	Predicate verb has no subject	Add a suitable subject or pronoun.
Missing Verb	Subject has no main verb	Add a main verb.
Dependent Clause Alone	Subordinate clause punctuated as a sentence	Attach to a main clause or remove the subordinator.

When you use it

Use to identify incomplete sentence structures and correct them into full sentences.

Watch out

A dependent clause starting with a subordinator like 'even though', 'after', or 'because' cannot stand alone with a full stop.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 1-23, then checked twice before it went up

Time Management

Correcting Run-on SentencesMethod

When you use it

Use these revision methods when two independent clauses are joined together without proper punctuation or connecting words.

Watch out

Placing only a comma between two independent clauses creates a comma splice error, which is still a run-on sentence.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 24-53, then checked twice before it went up

Grammatical Functions of GerundsReference tableSubject of a verb · Object of a transitive verb · Object of a preposition · +1

Function	Position in Sentence	Example
Subject of a verb	Before the main verb	Boxing is my favorite sport.
Object of a transitive verb	After verbs like dislike, enjoy, hate	She dislikes oversleeping.
Object of a preposition	Directly after prepositions like of, to, about	He is afraid of speaking the truth.
Complement of a verb	After linking verbs like is, was, become	My aim in life is becoming an athlete.

When you use it

Use this table to identify or write gerunds acting as nouns in four distinct grammatical positions.

Watch out

Do not confuse a gerund acting as a noun with a present participle used to form continuous verb tenses.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 24-53, then checked twice before it went up

Tense Shifts with Verb WishReference tableFuture · Present · Past

Time Reference	Verb Pattern	Example
Future	wish + subject + would / could + base verb	I wish it would stop raining.
Present	wish + subject + past simple / continuous	I wish I lived somewhere more interesting.
Past	wish + subject + past perfect (had + V3)	I wish I had worked harder at school.

When you use it

Use this pattern when expressing wishes that are impossible, contrary to reality, or unlikely to happen across different time frames.

Watch out

Never use will or present tense verbs after wish. Use were instead of was after singular subjects in formal contexts.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 24-53, then checked twice before it went up

Evidence on Traffic Accident

Conditional Sentence TypesReference tableZero · Type I · Type II · +1

Conditional	If Clause	Result Clause	Use
Zero	Simple Present	Simple Present / Imperative	Scientific facts, general rules
Type I	Simple Present	will / can / should + Verb 1	Real possibilities in the future
Type II	Simple Past	would / could / might + Verb 1	Unreal present or future situations
Type III	Past Perfect (had + Verb 3)	would / could / might + have + Verb 3	Unreal past conditions and regrets

When you use it

Use this table to balance tenses between conditional if clauses and their main result clauses.

Watch out

Never put would in the if clause itself, and do not mix past perfect with a simple base verb.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 54-73, then checked twice before it went up

Participles and Misplaced ModifiersRule

When you use it

Use present participles (-ing) for active meanings and past participles (-ed / V3) for passive meanings, placing them next to the noun they modify.

Watch out

Placing a participle phrase far from the target noun creates a misplaced modifier that mistakenly modifies the wrong word.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 54-73, then checked twice before it went up

Natural Resource Management

Dangling ModifiersRule

When you use it

Use this rule to detect and correct sentences where an opening descriptive phrase does not logically modify the subject that immediately follows the comma.

Watch out

Do not leave an unrelated noun or object right after the comma. Either place the true performer of the introductory action directly after the comma, or turn the opening phrase into a complete clause with its own subject and verb.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 74-102, then checked twice before it went up

Tense Sequence in Adverbial Clauses of TimeRule

When you use it

Use this rule when joining clauses with time conjunctions such as when, before, after, until, as soon as, and by the time.

Watch out

Never use will or future forms inside the time clause itself. Use simple present for future events (for example: after I eat dinner), and use past perfect in the main clause when using by the time for past events.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, pages 74-102, then checked twice before it went up

Mechanized Agriculture

Conditional Type II and Type IIIRule

When you use it

Use Conditional II for unreal or imaginary situations in the present or future. Use Conditional III to talk about impossible past events and their hypothetical outcomes.

Watch out

Never put would or would have in the if clause. Use unless to mean if not, but do not use a negative verb after unless.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, page 103 onwards, then checked twice before it went up

Techniques for Editing WordinessMethod

When you use it

Apply these steps when editing essays or paragraphs to make sentences concise, clear, and direct without losing meaning.

Watch out

Do not remove key information or necessary adjectives that change the original meaning while deleting unnecessary words.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, page 103 onwards, then checked twice before it went up

Verbals and Their FunctionsReference tableGerund · Infinitive · Present Participle · +1

Verbal Type	Form	Sentence Function	Example
Gerund	Verb + ing	Noun (subject or object)	Taking photos is my passion.
Infinitive	To + base verb	Noun, adjective, or adverb	I love to watch football.
Present Participle	Verb + ing	Adjective modifying a noun	She gave me a welcoming cup of tea.
Past Participle	Verb + ed / V3	Adjective modifying a noun	I found this broken plate.

When you use it

Use this guide to distinguish between gerunds, infinitives, and participles when rewriting sentences or identifying parts of speech.

Watch out

Do not confuse a gerund with a present participle. Both end in -ing, but a gerund acts as a noun while a participle acts as an adjective.

Drafted from Grade 12 English, page 103 onwards, then checked twice before it went up

The papers these formulas are for

Real national exam questions from past years, with a worked answer for each one.

Open the past papers

The same subject in other years

An exam paper keeps asking for what the year below taught. Those cards are here too.

Your other Grade 12 subjects

Everything else in this year that has cards so far.

Questions students ask

What do the Grade 12 English cards cover?: 13 cards across 5 chapters of the national textbook: Sustainable Development, Time Management, Evidence on Traffic Accident, Natural Resource Management and Mechanized Agriculture. You can take any chapter one card at a time on the page itself.
Do these help with the Grade 12 national exam?: Yes. Grade 12 sits a national exam, and these are the English rules and formulas it expects you to know. Past papers with a worked answer behind every question are on the same site, also free.
Where do these cards come from?: They are drafted from Grade 12 English, the Ministry of Education textbook for this grade. A second pass that cannot see the chapter then re-derives every formula, constant and table row, and anything it cannot confirm is held back instead of published.
Is this free?: Yes. Every card here is free to read and the printable sheet is free to download. Neither needs an account.
When was this last checked?: 30 August 2026. Cards arrive chapter by chapter, and the line under each one says when that card was last read through.

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