Free short notes and revision cards
Grade 10 Information Technology on Temari has 28 revision cards, arranged by the chapters of the Ethiopian national curriculum. Every card says when the rule applies, what each symbol in it stands for, and the mistake students most often make with it. They are free to read and need no account.
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When you use it
Use when locating files in a hierarchical tree directory structure.
Watch out
An absolute path always starts from the root directory and provides the complete path. A relative path starts from the current working directory.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 1-35, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when determining if a deleted file can be recovered.
Watch out
Files deleted with Shift plus Delete bypass the Recycle Bin completely and cannot be restored using the Recycle Bin restore feature.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 1-35, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when distinguishing computer storage hardware from hardware communication software.
Watch out
A drive is a physical or cloud storage device assigned a drive letter. A driver is software that enables hardware devices to communicate with the operating system.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 1-35, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when transferring data between different programs and file formats.
Watch out
Importing brings data from an external file into an active program. Exporting writes data from an active program into an external file.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 1-35, then checked twice before it went up
| Transmission Mode | Direction of Data Flow | Simultaneous Capability | Real-World Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simplex | Unidirectional | No (one-way only) | Keyboard to computer, monitor |
| Half-Duplex | Bidirectional | No (one device at a time) | Walkie-talkie, one-lane road |
| Full-Duplex | Bidirectional | Yes (both devices simultaneously) | Telephone network, two-way street |
When you use it
Use this to determine whether a communication link operates in simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex mode.
Watch out
In half-duplex mode, transmission is two-way but never at the same time. Only full-duplex allows simultaneous two-way transmission.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 36-80, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when selecting the proper RJ45 twisted-pair wiring type to connect network devices.
Watch out
Straight-through connects different network devices (computer to hub or switch). Crossover cable connects similar network devices (computer to computer).
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 36-80, then checked twice before it went up
| Class | High Order Bits | First Octet Range | Default Mask |
|---|---|---|---|
| Class A | 0 | 0 - 127 | 255.0.0.0 |
| Class B | 10 | 128 - 191 | 255.255.0.0 |
| Class C | 110 | 192 - 223 | 255.255.255.0 |
| Class D | 1110 | 224 - 239 | Multicast |
| Class E | 1111 | 240 - 255 | Experimental |
When you use it
Use this to identify the class, network mask, or address purpose of a given IPv4 address from its first octet.
Watch out
Class D and Class E do not have default subnet masks or host addresses because Class D is for multicasting and Class E is for experimental purposes.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 36-80, then checked twice before it went up
| Medium | Signal Form | Common Connector | Directionality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Twisted-Pair (UTP/STP) | Electrical pulses | RJ45 | Guided |
| Coaxial Cable | Electrical signals | BNC | Guided |
| Fiber-Optic Cable | Light pulses | SC, ST, MT-RJ | Guided |
| Radio Waves | Electromagnetic | Omnidirectional antenna | Omnidirectional |
| Microwaves | Electromagnetic | Parabolic dish, Horn | Unidirectional |
When you use it
Use this to match transmission media with their physical signal types, connectors, and propagation properties.
Watch out
Fiber-optic cables guide light pulses rather than electric current, which completely eliminates electrical interference.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 36-80, then checked twice before it went up
| Orbit Category | Altitude | Position Relative to Van Allen Belts |
|---|---|---|
| LEO (Low Earth Orbit) | Below lower Van Allen belt | |
| MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) | Between the two Van Allen belts | |
| GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) | Single orbit above the equator |
When you use it
Use this to classify artificial satellites by their altitude and relationship to the Van Allen radiation belts.
Watch out
GEO has only one specific orbit at an altitude of exactly 35,786 km, unlike LEO and MEO which span broad altitude ranges.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 36-80, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this rule to determine the default positioning of text versus numeric entries in spreadsheet cells.
Watch out
Text automatically aligns to the bottom-left of a cell, whereas numbers align to the bottom-right.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 81-138, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this to fix or prevent formula errors in spreadsheet calculations.
Watch out
Every formula in Excel must begin with an equal sign (=). Without it, Excel treats the formula as simple text and does not calculate.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 81-138, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this sequence to evaluate which calculation Excel performs first in a complex formula.
Watch out
Multiplication and division are always performed before addition and subtraction unless parentheses are used.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 81-138, then checked twice before it went up
| Function | Syntax | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| SUM | =SUM(range) | Calculates total sum of numbers |
| AVERAGE | =AVERAGE(range) | Calculates arithmetic mean |
| COUNT | =COUNT(range) | Counts cells containing numbers |
| MAX | =MAX(range) | Returns the largest value |
| MIN | =MIN(range) | Returns the smallest value |
When you use it
Use this table as a reference for the most common predefined calculation functions in Excel.
Watch out
COUNT only counts cells containing numerical data, ignoring blank or pure text cells in the range.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 81-138, then checked twice before it went up
| Feature | Slide Transition | Animation |
|---|---|---|
| Scope | Entire slide | Individual elements |
| Trigger | Moving between slides | Within a single slide |
| Application | Slide movement effect | Text, shape, or picture effect |
When you use it
Use this table to distinguish between whole-slide movements and element-level effects.
Watch out
Transitions apply only to entire slides, while animations apply to individual objects like text and pictures.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 81-138, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when explaining the relationship between playback speed, frame count, and duration in video and audio editing.
Watch out
Speeding up a clip removes frames and shortens its duration. Slowing down repeats frames and lengthens duration. For audio, speed changes alter pitch unless time stretch options are used.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 139-181, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when distinguishing linear multimedia representations from non-linear interactive media networks.
Watch out
Multimedia combines text, audio, video, and animation digitally. Hypermedia is specifically non-linear multimedia linked together by hypertext programs, such as the World Wide Web.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 139-181, then checked twice before it went up
| Stage | Core Activity |
|---|---|
| 1. Analysis | Decide project needs and tools to use. |
| 2. Design | Create storyboards to outline the project. |
| 3. Development | Incorporate data and build a working prototype. |
| 4. Evaluation | Test, fine tune, and review the prototype. |
| 5. Distribution | Package and deliver the final product. |
When you use it
Use when sequencing the workflow of multimedia development from conception to delivery.
Watch out
Evaluation comes before distribution. A product must be tested and reviewed before it is packaged and distributed.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 139-181, then checked twice before it went up
| Media Type | Common File Formats |
|---|---|
| Audio / Sound | WAV, MIDI, WMA, MP3 |
| Image | TIFF, JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP |
| Video | AVI, MPEG, MP4, WMV |
When you use it
Use when identifying or classifying standard digital audio, image, and video extensions.
Watch out
MIDI is an audio format that connects musical instruments to computers, not an image format.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 139-181, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this when comparing self-replicating malicious programs and their spreading mechanisms.
Watch out
Assuming worms require an existing file to infect. A virus attaches to and infects existing files and programs, whereas a worm spreads across computer networks independently.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 182-203, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this when distinguishing between personal information rights and technical protection controls.
Watch out
Treating privacy and security as interchangeable. Privacy concerns rights regarding how personal data is handled and used, while security concerns technical measures preventing unauthorized access.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 182-203, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this to select the appropriate defensive tool for network traffic control versus system malware detection.
Watch out
Relying solely on a firewall for complete virus protection. A firewall filters incoming and outgoing network traffic, but an antivirus program is required to scan and remove malware.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 182-203, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this to distinguish between failures of confidentiality, integrity, and availability in computer security.
Watch out
Confusing denial of service with a confidentiality breach. Denial of service is a failure of availability, not unauthorized data disclosure.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 182-203, then checked twice before it went up
| Account Type | Access Level | Key Restriction |
|---|---|---|
| Administrator | Full access to settings, software installation, and user management | Only one account on the PC should be an administrator |
| Standard | Can personalize personal settings and run installed applications | Cannot modify system security or access other users files |
| Guest | Temporary access to run installed software | No privacy, cannot access personal folders, only one allowed |
When you use it
Use this to determine the permissions, access levels, and restrictions for different Windows user accounts.
Watch out
Using the administrator account for daily use. A daily use account should be a standard account to prevent unintended system changes.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, pages 182-203, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when distinguishing an algorithm from actual programming language source code.
Watch out
Algorithms are language-independent plain instructions. They must not include syntax tied to a specific programming language.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, page 204 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
| Flowchart Symbol | Function |
|---|---|
| Oval | Start or End (Terminator) |
| Parallelogram | Input or Output |
| Rectangle | Process (Computation) |
| Diamond | Decision (Conditional branching) |
| Arrow | Flow line (Flow of control) |
When you use it
Use when creating or interpreting graphical representations of algorithms.
Watch out
Do not confuse the parallelogram for input and output with the rectangle for processing.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, page 204 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
| IDE Feature | Functionality |
|---|---|
| Code editor | Text editor designed to write and edit program source code |
| Compiler or Interpreter | Translates source code into machine executable instructions |
| Debugger | Tests the software to identify and solve bugs |
| GUI | Consolidates all development tools into a single central interface |
When you use it
Use when explaining the integrated components that make up a software development environment.
Watch out
An IDE is not merely a text editor. It integrates source editing, compiling, and debugging tools.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, page 204 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
| Loop Component | Role in Repetition |
|---|---|
| Initialization | Sets variables to initial values and sets the exit counter |
| Computation | Executes the main processing steps of the loop |
| Test | Checks the exit condition to avoid an endless loop |
| Increment | Reinitializes or updates variables for the next loop |
When you use it
Use when constructing or tracing repetitive algorithmic logic and loop controls.
Watch out
Omitting the test or increment condition causes an infinite loop error.
Drafted from Grade 10 Information Communication Technology, page 204 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
| Level | What the code looks like | How it becomes machine code |
|---|---|---|
| Machine language (low level) | Nothing but 1s and 0s, written for one processor family. | There is nothing to translate. The processor runs it as it stands. |
| Assembly language (low level) | Short mnemonics such as MOV, ADD and JMP, one for each machine instruction, still tied to one processor family. | An assembler turns every mnemonic into its machine instruction. |
| High level, compiled | English-like words, named variables, functions and control structures: C, C++, Java. | A compiler translates the whole program first and produces a file that runs on its own. Java compiles to bytecode that a virtual machine then runs. |
| High level, interpreted | The same English-like code: Python, JavaScript, PHP. JavaScript and PHP are also called scripting because they run inside a host program such as a browser or a web server. | An interpreter translates and runs one statement at a time. |
| Markup (not a programming language) | Tags that label structure or appearance: HTML, XML, CSS. | A browser displays the tags. There is no decision and no loop, so nothing is computed. |
When you use it
Reach for this when a question asks which level a language belongs to, or what turns written code into something the processor can run. Every language above machine code passes through a translator first: an assembler, a compiler or an interpreter.
Watch out
Asked to name a programming language, students write HTML. Put every candidate through one test: can it decide or repeat? HTML has no if and no loop, so it only tags what a page contains, while Python decides what to do with it. The same slip runs the other way when C is filed as low level because it sits close to the machine. Low level means machine code and assembly, nothing else.
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