What do the Grade 10 History cards cover?

25 cards across 9 chapters of the national textbook: Development of capitalism and nationalism, Africa & the Colonial Experience(1880s -1960s), Social, Economic & Political Developments in Ethiopia mid 19thc to 1941, Fascist Italian Aggression and Patriotic Resistance, Global and Regional Developments Since 1945, The Collapse of the Soviet Union, Africa Since 1960, Post- 1991 Developments in Ethiopia and 1 more. You can take any chapter one card at a time on the page itself.

Is there a national exam in Grade 10?

No. Ethiopia sets national exams in Grade 6, Grade 8 and Grade 12 only. These cards are for your school's own exams, and for the national exam that comes a few years later.

Where do these cards come from?

They are drafted from Grade 10 History, the Ministry of Education textbook for this grade. A second pass that cannot see the chapter then re-derives every formula, constant and table row, and anything it cannot confirm is held back instead of published.

Yes. Every card here is free to read and the printable sheet is free to download. Neither needs an account.

When was this last checked?

30 August 2026. Cards arrive chapter by chapter, and the line under each one says when that card was last read through.

Free short notes and revision cards

Grade 10 History

Grade 10 History on Temari has 25 revision cards, arranged by the chapters of the Ethiopian national curriculum. Every card says when the rule applies, what each symbol in it stands for, and the mistake students most often make with it. They are free to read and need no account.

25
Cards: 9
Chapters: 24
Reference tables: Grade 10 History
Textbook: Free
Price: 30 August 2026
Last checked

Everything25Reference table24Common mistake1

Development of capitalism and nationalism

American Civil War Union vs ConfederacyReference tableEconomic System · Position on Slavery · Political Leadership · +1

Dimension	The Union (Northern States)	The Confederacy (Southern States)
Economic System	Industrial, factories, low-wage labor	Agrarian plantation economy, cotton production
Position on Slavery	Abolitionist movement, opposed extension of slavery	Defended slavery as essential to economy
Political Leadership	President Abraham Lincoln	Jefferson Davis (11 seceded states)
Key War Milestones	Emancipation Proclamation (1863), Thirteenth Amendment (1865)	Formed in 1861, final surrender in November 1865

When you use it

Use when comparing the economic structures, slavery stances, leadership, and outcomes of the two sides in the American Civil War (1861 to 1865).

Watch out

The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive wartime order in 1863 freeing rebel-held slaves, but slavery was permanently abolished everywhere in the USA by the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 2-23, then checked twice before it went up

Key Figures of Italian UnificationReference tableGiuseppe Mazzini · Count Camillo di Cavour · Giuseppe Garibaldi · +1

Leader	Role or Movement	Key Contribution
Giuseppe Mazzini	Founder of Young Italy (1831)	Promoted a liberal democratic republic, led the 1848 Roman Republic
Count Camillo di Cavour	Prime Minister of Sardinia (1852)	Modernized Piedmont, secured French alliance to defeat Austria and gain Lombardy
Giuseppe Garibaldi	Leader of the Red Shirts	Conquered Sicily and southern Italy, handed power to Victor Emmanuel II
Victor Emmanuel II	King of Sardinia	Proclaimed King of the unified Kingdom of Italy in 1861

When you use it

Use when distinguishing the distinct political roles and strategies of the leaders of the Italian unification movement.

Watch out

Mazzini advocated for a democratic republic, whereas Cavour and Garibaldi agreed to unify Italy under the monarchy of King Victor Emmanuel II.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 2-23, then checked twice before it went up

Three Wars of German UnificationReference tableDanish War (1864) · Seven Weeks War (1866) · Franco-Prussian War (1870 to 1871)

War and Year	Opponent	Key Event or Battle	Major Outcome
Danish War (1864)	Denmark	Dispute over Schleswig and Holstein	Schleswig ceded to Prussia, Holstein to Austria
Seven Weeks War (1866)	Austria	Battle of Königgrätz (Sadowa)	Prussia took Schleswig and Holstein, North German Confederation formed, Venetia given to Italy
Franco-Prussian War (1870 to 1871)	France	Ems Telegram and Battle of Sedan	Treaty of Frankfurt: France ceded Alsace and Lorraine: German Empire proclaimed at Versailles (1871)

When you use it

Use when analyzing the sequence, opponents, and territorial outcomes of Otto von Bismarck's Blood and Iron policy.

Watch out

Venetia went to Italy after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, while Alsace and Lorraine were ceded to Germany by France after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 2-23, then checked twice before it went up

Africa & the Colonial Experience(1880s -1960s)

Colonial Administrative Systems in AfricaReference tableCompany Rule · Direct Rule and Assimilation · Indirect Rule · +1

System	European Power	Architect / Key Figure	Key Characteristics
Company Rule	Britain	Cecil Rhodes (B.S.A.C.)	Private chartered companies governed territories until 1924. Failed due to financial shortage and harshness.
Direct Rule and Assimilation	France, Belgium, Germany, Portugal	Albert Sarrout (France)	Replaced indigenous rulers with Europeans. Aimed to extend European language and culture. Regarded colonies as extensions of the home country.
Indirect Rule	Britain	Frederick Lugard	Ruled through indigenous traditional leaders and customary laws. Chosen as the cheapest and most effective method.
Settler Rule	Britain, France (Algeria, Kenya, Southern Africa)	White minority settlers	Direct displacement of Africans from fertile land to create white-owned farms. Displaced Africans became low-wage labourers and tenants.

When you use it

Use to compare the governance models, key architects, and operational methods applied by European powers across colonial Africa.

Watch out

Do not confuse French assimilation with association, or assume Britain applied direct rule across its colonies.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 24-44, then checked twice before it went up

Key Provisions of the Berlin Conference 1884 to 1885Reference tableEffective Occupation (Article 35) · Doctrine of the Sphere of Influence (Article 34) · Congo Free State · +1

Principle / Decision	Terms Stated in the General Act	Historical Consequence
Effective Occupation (Article 35)	A power must sign treaties with local rulers, fly its flag, and set up an administration with police to keep order.	Forced European nations to deploy troops and rapidly conquer the interior of Africa.
Doctrine of the Sphere of Influence (Article 34)	Any fresh occupation of coastal land must be officially notified to other signatory powers.	Prevented wars among European powers while carving up African borders.
Congo Free State	The Congo basin was recognized as the personal private property of King Leopold II of Belgium.	Subjected the local Congolese population to direct economic exploitation and forced labour.
Free Navigation	Guaranteed free trade and open navigation along the Niger and Congo rivers.	Allowed international commercial access across central and western African waterways.

When you use it

Use to review the international principles, agreements, and geopolitical outcomes that regulated the Scramble for Africa.

Watch out

No African delegates were invited or present at the Berlin Conference, and the Congo Free State was given to King Leopold II personally, not to the Belgian state.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 24-44, then checked twice before it went up

Major Early African Resistance MovementsReference tableAhmadu Seku · Samori Ture · Asantehene Prempe · +3

Leader / Movement	Region	Colonial Power	Key Features and Outcome
Ahmadu Seku	Tukulor Empire (West Africa)	France	Used diplomacy and then armed resistance. Defeated and died in exile in Sokoto.
Samori Ture	Mandinka Empire (West Africa)	France	Led a 30,000 strong army in protracted warfare from 1882 to 1898. Captured and exiled to Gabon in 1900.
Asantehene Prempe	Asante Kingdom (Gold Coast, Ghana)	Britain	Armed resistance against British expansion. Defeated, leading to British annexation of Gold Coast in 1900.
Kinjikitle Ngwale (Maji Maji)	Tanganyika (German East Africa)	Germany	Multi-ethnic rising (1905 to 1907) sparked by forced cotton farming. Crushed by German scorched earth tactics.
Samuel Maharero and Hendrik Witbooi	South West Africa (Namibia)	Germany	Herero (1904) and Nama (1905) rebellions against land seizure. Both uprisings were crushed.
Urabi Pasha	Egypt (North Africa)	Britain	Nationalist revolt in 1881 against dual foreign control. Defeated in 1882 when British troops occupied Cairo.

When you use it

Use when identifying the leaders, regions, and opposing colonial powers in early armed struggles against European expansion.

Watch out

The Maji Maji uprising was fought against German colonial rule in Tanganyika, not against the British.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 24-44, then checked twice before it went up

Social, Economic & Political Developments in Ethiopia mid 19thc to 1941

Article XVII of the Wuchale Treaty (1889)Common mistake

When you use it

Use when explaining the diplomatic cause of the Battle of Adwa and the conflict between Ethiopia and Italy.

Watch out

The Amharic version stated Ethiopia 'could' use Italian diplomacy (optional), while the Italian text made it 'obligatory', falsely claiming an Italian protectorate.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 45-68, then checked twice before it went up

Major Battles Against Foreign Aggression (1868 to 1896)Reference table1868 · 1875 · 1876 · +3

Year	Battle	Invading Force	Ethiopian Leader	Result
1868	Aroge and Maqdala	Britain (Robert Napier)	Tewodros II	British victory, Tewodros suicide
1875	Gundat	Egypt (Colonel Arendrup)	Yohannes IV and Ras Alula	Decisive Ethiopian victory
1876	Gura	Egypt	Yohannes IV	Decisive Ethiopian victory
1887	Dogali	Italy	Ras Alula Engida	Ethiopian victory
1889	Metemma	Sudanese Mahdists	Yohannes IV	Yohannes IV died in battle
1896	Adwa	Italy	Menilek II and Taytu	Historic Ethiopian victory

When you use it

Use when reviewing 19th century external threats, battle sites, and Ethiopian military leadership.

Watch out

Do not confuse the battle of Gundat (1875) with Gura (1876), both were against Egyptian forces but occurred in successive years.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 45-68, then checked twice before it went up

Power Struggle and Succession Events (1906 to 1930)Reference table1906 · 1907 · 1911 to 1916 · +2

Year	Event or Action	Key Figures	Historical Impact
1906	Tripartite Treaty	Britain, France, Italy	Colonial powers divided Ethiopia into spheres of influence
1907	First Council of Ministers	Menilek II	Modern institutional structure to prevent succession crisis
1911 to 1916	Progressive Reforms	Lij Iyasu	Abolished Quragna and Lebashay, established municipal police
1916	Battle of Sagale	Ras Tafari vs Negus Mikael	Defeat of Mikael, solidified Iyasu's removal and began the Diarchy
1930	Battle of Anchim	Ras Tafari vs Ras Gugsa Wale	Defeat of conservative rebellion, paved way for Haile Selassie coronation

When you use it

Use when tracing political developments, administrative reforms, and major internal clashes between 1906 and 1930.

Watch out

The Diarchy was a shared rule between Empress Zawditu (conservative camp) and Ras Tafari (progressive camp), ended only with her death in 1930.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 45-68, then checked twice before it went up

Fascist Italian Aggression and Patriotic Resistance

Path to World War II and Fascist AggressionReference tableInvasion of Manchuria · Invasion of Ethiopia · Anschluss and Sudetenland · +2

Aggression or Agreement	Year	Key Aggressor or Signatories	Significance in Outbreak of WWII
Invasion of Manchuria	1931	Militarist Japan	Japan withdrew from League of Nations in 1933 after condemnation.
Invasion of Ethiopia	1935	Fascist Italy (Mussolini)	Exposed the failure and sounded the death knell of the League of Nations.
Anschluss and Sudetenland	1938	Nazi Germany (Hitler), Britain, France	Annexed Austria. Munich Deal allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact	August 1939	Germany and USSR	Secret agreement to divide Poland, clearing the path for Hitler's invasion.
Invasion of Poland	September 1, 1939	Nazi Germany (Blitzkrieg)	Triggered declarations of war by Britain and France on September 3, launching WWII.

When you use it

Use when ordering the interwar aggressive acts by Axis powers and identifying the immediate trigger of World War II.

Watch out

World War II officially began with the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, not with the 1938 Munich Agreement or earlier territorial annexations.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 69-116, then checked twice before it went up

Second Italo-Ethiopian War and Patriotic ResistanceReference tableNorthern Front · Southern Front · First Phase Resistance · +1

Phase or Front	Key Battles or Period	Key Figures	Characteristics and Outcome
Northern Front	Amba Aradom, Shire, Maychew (1935-1936)	Ras Kassa, Ras Mulugeta, Ras Seyoum, Ras Emeru	Italians used poison gas and air superiority. Emperor went to exile on May 2, 1936.
Southern Front	Ogaden, Sidamo, Bale (1935-1936)	Ras Desta Damtew, Dejjach Nesibu, Dejjach Balcha Safo	Resisted Marshal Graziani. Harar fell shortly after Addis Ababa.
First Phase Resistance	1936 to February 1937	Ras Desta, Abuna Petros, Abera Kasa	Conventional military battles led by upper-class nobility. Ended with the Graziani Massacre.
Second Phase Resistance	February 1937 to May 1941	Belay Zeleke, Abebe Aregay, Shewareged Gedle	Guerrilla warfare led by lower nobility and Yewust Arbegnoch. Country liberated May 5, 1941.

When you use it

Use when reviewing the key battle fronts of 1935-1936, the two phases of patriotic resistance, and the 1941 liberation of Ethiopia.

Watch out

The dividing line between the first and second resistance phases was the failed assassination attempt on Graziani and the February 1937 massacre, not the fall of Maychew.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 69-116, then checked twice before it went up

World War I Alliances, Causes, and the Russian RevolutionReference tableTriple Alliance (Central Powers) · Triple Entente (Allied Powers) · Sarajevo Assassination · +1

Alliance or Event	Member Countries or Leaders	Core Mechanism or Immediate Cause	Key Result
Triple Alliance (Central Powers)	Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (1882)	Mutual defense pact. Italy defected in 1915.	Defeated in WWI. Habsburg and Hohenzollern dynasties collapsed.
Triple Entente (Allied Powers)	Britain, France, Russia (1907), later USA (1917)	Evolved from 1894 Franco-Russian alliance and 1904 Entente Cordiale.	Won WWI. Dictated the Treaty of Versailles (1919) via the Big Four.
Sarajevo Assassination	Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Gavrilo Princip	Assassination on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia.	Immediate cause of WWI. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.
Russian Revolutions of 1917	Tsar Nicholas II, Kerensky, Lenin (Bolsheviks)	February: deposed Czar. October: Bolshevik insurrection (Peace, Land, Bread).	Established USSR. Russia signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) and exited WWI.

When you use it

Use when distinguishing WWI military blocs, the spark that ignited the war, and the two stages of the 1917 Russian Revolution.

Watch out

Italy began in the Triple Alliance in 1882 but switched to the Triple Entente in 1915, so it ended WWI on the Allied side.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 69-116, then checked twice before it went up

Global and Regional Developments Since 1945

Arab-Israeli Conflict MilestonesReference tableBalfour Declaration · UN Partition Plan · First Arab-Israeli War · +2

Event or War	Year	Significance or Outcome
Balfour Declaration	1917	British government supported the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine
UN Partition Plan	1947	UN General Assembly decided to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states
First Arab-Israeli War	1948 to 1949	Israel declared statehood. Defeated Arab coalition. Known in Arab world as Nakbah (Catastrophe)
Suez War	1956	Triggered by Nasser nationalizing Suez Canal. Britain, France, and Israel attacked Egypt but were forced to withdraw
Six-Day War	June 1967	Third Arab-Israeli war fought between Israel and the coalition of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan

When you use it

Use when tracing the chronological timeline and outcomes of the Middle Eastern Arab-Israeli wars from 1917 to 1967.

Watch out

The 1948 war is called the War of Independence in Israel, but is known as the Nakbah (Catastrophe) across the Arab world.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 117-138, then checked twice before it went up

Cold War Doctrines and PlansReference tableTruman Doctrine · Containment Policy · Marshall Plan · +3

Policy or Plan	Initiator or Year	Main Objective
Truman Doctrine	Harry Truman (March 1947)	Provide 400 million dollars to aid Greece and Turkey against communism
Containment Policy	George Kennan	Stop or slow down the global spread of communism
Marshall Plan	George Marshall (1947)	Provide 17 billion dollars to rebuild European economies and stop communism
Molotov Plan	Soviet Union	Rebuild Eastern European communist satellite states as a counter to the Marshall Plan
Strategic Hamlet	John F. Kennedy (1961)	Relocate peasants into fortified villages to isolate the Viet Cong in Vietnam
Vietnamization	Richard Nixon	Reduce US troop involvement by transferring military responsibilities to South Vietnam

When you use it

Use to identify key US and Soviet policies, economic recovery programs, and wartime strategies during the Cold War.

Watch out

George Kennan originated the Containment doctrine, while George Marshall designed the Marshall Plan. Do not confuse their roles.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 117-138, then checked twice before it went up

Superpower Differences During the Cold WarReference tableIdeology · Governance · Property ownership · +2

Feature	USA	Soviet Union
Ideology	Capitalism, Western democracy	Communism, Marxism-Leninism
Governance	Multi-party system	Mono-party rule
Property ownership	Private ownership	Public or state ownership
Economic system	Free market economy	Command economy
Military alliance	NATO (1949)	Warsaw Pact (1955)

When you use it

Use when comparing the ideological, political, economic, and military systems of the USA and the Soviet Union.

Watch out

Do not confuse the military alliances. NATO was led by the USA, while the Warsaw Pact was formed by the Soviet Union and its satellite states.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 117-138, then checked twice before it went up

The Collapse of the Soviet Union

Anglo-Ethiopian Treaties of 1942 and 1944Reference tableFirst Treaty (31 January 1942) · Second Treaty (December 1944)

Treaty and Date	Key Provisions	Impact on Sovereignty
First Treaty (31 January 1942)	British control of army, police, finance, OETA (Ogaden and Eritrea), and East African Shilling currency	Recognized independence formally but severely restricted national sovereignty
Second Treaty (December 1944)	BMME established to train army, diplomatic priority of British minister lifted, railway access restored	Restored a relatively greater margin of independence to Ethiopia

When you use it

Use when comparing the two post-liberation agreements signed between Ethiopia and Great Britain regarding sovereignty and administration.

Watch out

Do not confuse the two treaties: the 1942 treaty established comprehensive British administrative control, whereas the 1944 treaty lifted diplomatic privileges and created BMME.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 139-170, then checked twice before it went up

Chronology and Radical Reforms of the DergReference table12 September 1974 · December 1974 · March 1975 · +3

Date or Period	Key Event or Policy	Historical Significance
12 September 1974	Deposition of Emperor Haile Selassie	Monarchy overthrown; PMAC established under Aman Andom
December 1974	Development through Cooperation Campaign (Edget Behebret)	Over 60,000 campaigners sent for literacy and socialist orientation
March 1975	Land Reform Proclamation	Nationalized all rural land, abolished feudal relations, established peasant associations
26 July 1975	Urban Land and Extra Houses Proclamation	Nationalized urban land and houses, established urban kebeles
1976 to 1978	Red Terror Campaign	Violent state campaign targeting EPRP and suspected political opponents
28 May 1991	Fall of the Derg	EPRDF forces took Addis Ababa, ending military rule

When you use it

Use when ordering key events, proclamations, and political transitions in Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991.

Watch out

Rural land was nationalized in March 1975, while urban land and extra houses were nationalized in a separate proclamation on 26 July 1975.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 139-170, then checked twice before it went up

Major Peasant Revolts Against the Imperial RegimeReference tableWoyyane (Tigray) · Bale Peasant Revolt · Gojjam Peasant Revolt

Revolt	Period	Leadership	Primary Causes
Woyyane (Tigray)	1943	Blatta Haile Mariam Reda	Centralization threats to pastoralists, feudal exploitation, and excessive official demands
Bale Peasant Revolt	1963 to 1970	General Waqo Gutu	Land alienation, taxation, religious discrimination, and administrative corruption
Gojjam Peasant Revolt	1968	Gojjam peasants	Introduction of the 1967 agricultural income tax and arrival of tax assessors

When you use it

Use when identifying the locations, leaders, dates, and causes of rural armed uprisings under Emperor Haile Selassie.

Watch out

The Gojjam revolt of 1968 was directly triggered by the 1967 agricultural income tax, whereas the Bale revolt was sparked primarily by land alienation and religious tensions.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 139-170, then checked twice before it went up

Africa Since 1960

Armed Liberation in Settler ColoniesReference tableAlgeria · Kenya · Zimbabwe · +2

Country	Colonial or Settler Power	Liberation Movement or Leader	Independence
Algeria	France	FLN (Ahmed Ben Bella)	1962
Kenya	Britain	Mau Mau, KANU (Jomo Kenyatta)	1963
Zimbabwe	British white minority (Ian Smith UDI)	ZANU (Mugabe) and ZAPU (Nkomo)	1980
Namibia	South Africa (Mandate rule)	SWAPO	1990
South Africa	Afrikaner National Party (Apartheid)	ANC (Nelson Mandela)	1994

When you use it

Use this to identify African territories where large white settler populations resisted majority rule, compelling nationalists to wage armed guerrilla struggles.

Watch out

Do not treat Ian Smith's 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in Southern Rhodesia as genuine independence. Genuine majority rule was established in 1980 as Zimbabwe.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 171-193, then checked twice before it went up

Casablanca and Monrovia BlocsReference tableCasablanca Group (1961) · Monrovia Group (1961)

Group	Key Members	Core Political Vision
Casablanca Group (1961)	Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Egypt, Morocco, Libya, Algerian GPRA	Strong continental political union (United States of Africa), centralized planning, common defence
Monrovia Group (1961)	Brazzaville group (Francophone), Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia	Loose confederation of sovereign states, voluntary economic and cultural cooperation

When you use it

Use this to compare the two rival ideological blocs that debated the nature of continental integration before founding the OAU in May 1963.

Watch out

Do not confuse the two political approaches. Casablanca demanded an immediate single political union, while Monrovia favored gradual cooperation among sovereign independent states.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 171-193, then checked twice before it went up

Major Regional Economic CommunitiesReference tableCommon Market for Eastern and Southern Africa · Economic Community of West African States · Intergovernmental Authority on Development · +1

Community	Acronym	Formation	Geographic Scope
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa	COMESA	1994 (replacing 1981 PTA)	21 states from Tunisia to Eswatini
Economic Community of West African States	ECOWAS	1975	15 West African states
Intergovernmental Authority on Development	IGAD	1986	Horn of Africa and East Africa (7 states)
Southern African Development Community	SADC	1980	Southern African states

When you use it

Use this to match African regional economic blocs (RECs) with their formation timelines, regional scopes, and member configurations.

Watch out

Do not confuse COMESA with SADC. COMESA replaced the 1981 Preferential Trade Area in 1994 and stretches all the way from North Africa to Southern Africa.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 171-193, then checked twice before it went up

Post- 1991 Developments in Ethiopia

Nile Basin Hydro-Political AgreementsReference table1929 Agreement · 1959 Agreement · 1999 Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)

Agreement or Initiative	Signatories	Key Terms and Upstream Status
1929 Agreement	Great Britain (for Sudan) and Egypt	Gave Egypt veto power over upstream Nile projects; excluded all upper riparian states.
1959 Agreement	Egypt and Sudan	Allocated 55.5 billion m^3 to Egypt and 18.5 billion m^3 to Sudan; ignored Ethiopia (which contributes 86% of the water).
1999 Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)	All Nile Basin riparian states	Established an all-inclusive basin-wide forum in Dar es Salaam on February 22, 1999 for equitable and sustainable water development.

When you use it

Use when identifying major historical treaties, water quotas, and cooperative frameworks on the Nile River.

Watch out

Neither the 1929 nor the 1959 agreement included upstream countries. Ethiopia supplies roughly 86% of the Nile waters through the Blue Nile and Tekkeze rivers but was excluded from both allocations.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 194-210, then checked twice before it went up

Post-1991 Political Structure and the 1995 ConstitutionReference tableLegal framework · Administrative divisions · Legislative and representative bodies · +1

Feature	Transitional Period (1991 to 1995)	FDRE (1995 Constitution)
Legal framework	1991 Transitional Charter	1995 Constitution (106 articles in 11 chapters)
Administrative divisions	14 self-governing regions	9 regional states and 2 city administrations
Legislative and representative bodies	87-member Council of Representatives	House of Peoples' Representatives (HPR) and House of Federation (HoF)
Constitutional interpretation	Council of Representatives	House of Federation (HoF, Article 62)

When you use it

Use when comparing the transitional administration of Ethiopia with the permanent FDRE constitutional system.

Watch out

Do not attribute the power of constitutional interpretation to the Supreme Court. Under the 1995 Constitution, Article 62 explicitly assigns this power to the House of Federation.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, pages 194-210, then checked twice before it went up

Unit 9

Indigenous Conflict Resolution and Social SystemsReference tableAfar · Oromo · Amhara · +2

Community	Institution or System	Core Role and Function
Afar	Mada'a	Customary law and dispute resolution led by clan elders
Afar	Dagu	Traditional oral information and communication network
Oromo	Jaarsummaa	Reconciliation between disputing parties led by elders (Jaarsa)
Oromo	Gumaa	Blood money compensation system for homicide or injury
Oromo	Siinqee	Women institution and ritual stick used to assert rights and peace
Amhara	Shimgelina	Dispute settlement by five mutually appointed elders (Shimageles)
Sidama	Luwa and Seera	Luwa age grades for training, Seera moral code based on Halale
Kambata and Hadiya	Seera	Code of conduct for political administration and dispute resolution

When you use it

Use this card to review the customary institutions, conflict resolution mechanisms, and social codes across different Ethiopian societies.

Watch out

Do not confuse Dagu with Mada'a. Dagu is an information exchange network, while Mada'a is the customary dispute resolution mechanism of the Afar.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, page 211 onwards, then checked twice before it went up

UNESCO Registered Heritages of EthiopiaReference tableRock-hewn Churches of Lalibela · Simien Mountains National Park · Stelae of Axum · +9

Heritage	Category	Year Inscribed
Rock-hewn Churches of Lalibela	Tangible (Cultural)	1978
Simien Mountains National Park	Natural	1978
Stelae of Axum	Tangible (Cultural)	1980
Lower Valley of Awash	Tangible (Paleo-anthropological)	1980
Lower Valley of Omo	Tangible (Paleo-anthropological)	1980
Tiya Carved Stelae	Tangible (Cultural)	1980
Harar Jugol (Fortified Historic Town)	Tangible (Cultural)	2006
Konso Cultural Landscape	Tangible (Cultural)	2011
Mesqel Demera Ceremony	Intangible Cultural	2013
Fichee-Chambalaalla (Sidama New Year)	Intangible Cultural	2015
Gadaa System	Intangible Cultural	2016
Timket (Epiphany Festival)	Intangible Cultural	2019

When you use it

Use this card to identify Ethiopian world heritage sites, their categories as tangible, natural, or intangible, and their inscription dates.

Watch out

Do not classify Mesqel, Fichee-Chambalaalla, Gadaa, or Timket as tangible heritages. They are listed on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Drafted from Grade 10 History, page 211 onwards, then checked twice before it went up

The same subject in other years

An exam paper keeps asking for what the year below taught. Those cards are here too.

Your other Grade 10 subjects

Everything else in this year that has cards so far.

Questions students ask

What do the Grade 10 History cards cover?: 25 cards across 9 chapters of the national textbook: Development of capitalism and nationalism, Africa & the Colonial Experience(1880s -1960s), Social, Economic & Political Developments in Ethiopia mid 19thc to 1941, Fascist Italian Aggression and Patriotic Resistance, Global and Regional Developments Since 1945, The Collapse of the Soviet Union, Africa Since 1960, Post- 1991 Developments in Ethiopia and 1 more. You can take any chapter one card at a time on the page itself.
Is there a national exam in Grade 10?: No. Ethiopia sets national exams in Grade 6, Grade 8 and Grade 12 only. These cards are for your school's own exams, and for the national exam that comes a few years later.
Where do these cards come from?: They are drafted from Grade 10 History, the Ministry of Education textbook for this grade. A second pass that cannot see the chapter then re-derives every formula, constant and table row, and anything it cannot confirm is held back instead of published.
Is this free?: Yes. Every card here is free to read and the printable sheet is free to download. Neither needs an account.
When was this last checked?: 30 August 2026. Cards arrive chapter by chapter, and the line under each one says when that card was last read through.

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