What do the Grade 11 Agriculture cards cover?

55 cards across 16 chapters of the national textbook: Introduction to Crop Production, Field Crops Production and Management, Industrial Crops Production and Management, Introduction to Farm Animals, Animal Feeds and Feeding Practices, Animal Genetics and Breeding Practices, Farm Animals Housing, Basic Animal Health and Disease Control and 8 more. You can take any chapter one card at a time on the page itself.

Is there a national exam in Grade 11?

No. Ethiopia sets national exams in Grade 6, Grade 8 and Grade 12 only. These cards are for your school's own exams, and for the national exam that comes a few years later.

Where do these cards come from?

They are drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, the Ministry of Education textbook for this grade. A second pass that cannot see the chapter then re-derives every formula, constant and table row, and anything it cannot confirm is held back instead of published.

Yes. Every card here is free to read and the printable sheet is free to download. Neither needs an account.

When was this last checked?

30 August 2026. Cards arrive chapter by chapter, and the line under each one says when that card was last read through.

Free short notes and revision cards

Grade 11 Agriculture

Grade 11 Agriculture on Temari has 55 revision cards, arranged by the chapters of the Ethiopian national curriculum. Every card says when the rule applies, what each symbol in it stands for, and the mistake students most often make with it. They are free to read and need no account.

55
Cards: 16
Chapters: 3
Formulas: 34
Reference tables: Grade 11 Agriculture
Textbook: Free
Price: 30 August 2026
Last checked

Everything55Reference table34Common mistake10Rule6Formula3Method2

Introduction to Crop Production

C3 and C4 Crop PlantsReference tableFirst stable carbon compound · CO2 accumulation mechanism · Photosynthetic rate at high CO2 · +2

Feature	C3 Plants	C4 Plants
First stable carbon compound	3-carbon compound	4-carbon compound
CO2 accumulation mechanism	Absent	Present inside chloroplast
Photosynthetic rate at high CO2	Increases	Does not increase
Water and nitrogen efficiency	Lower	Higher
Crop examples	Wheat, barley, teff, soybean	Maize, sorghum, sugarcane

When you use it

Use when comparing photosynthetic pathways, resource use efficiencies, and crop responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Watch out

Do not assume all cereals are C4. Teff, wheat, and barley are C3, whereas maize and sorghum are C4.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 1-18, then checked twice before it went up

Cropping SystemsReference tableMono cropping · Intercropping · Relay planting · +1

System	Pattern	Primary Benefit
Mono cropping	Single crop type on the entire farm	Uniform management and high operational efficiency
Intercropping	Two or more crops in regular rows at the same time	Better soil cover and reduced pest spread
Relay planting	Second crop planted after first crop has grown alone	Reduces risk of total crop failure
Crop rotation	Different crop species grown sequentially over seasons	Improves soil fertility and breaks pest cycles

When you use it

Use when selecting or comparing planting arrangements and crop sequences on a farm.

Watch out

Intercropping plants both crops simultaneously, while relay planting introduces the second crop only after the first has established.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 1-18, then checked twice before it went up

Monocot and Dicot Crop SeedsReference tableCotyledons per seed · Primary food storage tissue · Stored food composition · +1

Feature	Monocots	Dicots
Cotyledons per seed	One	Two
Primary food storage tissue	Endosperm	Cotyledons
Stored food composition	Starch with small amounts of protein	High protein and oil with carbohydrates
Crop examples	Teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, barley	Soybean, peanut, beans, peas

When you use it

Use to distinguish seed anatomy, nutrient reserves, and botanical groups of field crops.

Watch out

Monocot seeds store nutrients predominantly in the endosperm, whereas dicot seeds store them directly in the cotyledons.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 1-18, then checked twice before it went up

Shifting Cultivation versus Crop RotationCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when identifying methods used to maintain soil productivity and manage land.

Watch out

Shifting cultivation abandons the land entirely after 1 to 2 seasons to clear a new plot. Crop rotation keeps the same plot of land continuously under settled agriculture while changing the crop species grown each season.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 1-18, then checked twice before it went up

Field Crops Production and Management

Maize Storage Moisture ContentCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when answering post harvest management questions on maize grain storage.

Watch out

Maize harvested at 25% moisture cannot be stored directly. It must be dried to 13% moisture or lower to prevent spoilage.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 19-35, then checked twice before it went up

Major Cereals Growth and Yield ComparisonReference tableTeff · Maize · Wheat · +2

Cereal Crop	Origin	Altitude Range	National Yield	Spacing
Teff	Ethiopia	$1500 - 2800\text{ m}$	$14.6\text{ qt/ha}$	$20\text{ cm}$
Maize	Central America	$500 - 2400\text{ m}$	$32.5\text{ qt/ha}$	$75\text{ cm} \times 25\text{ cm}$
Wheat	Asia	$1800 - 3000\text{ m}$	$24.5\text{ qt/ha}$	$25\text{ cm}$
Barley	Middle East	$2200 - 3000\text{ m}$	$19.0\text{ qt/ha}$	$25\text{ cm}$
Sorghum	Africa	$500 - 1500\text{ m}$	$23.0\text{ qt/ha}$	$50 - 100\text{ cm} \times 40\text{ cm}$

When you use it

Use when comparing agronomic requirements, origins, planting spacing, and national yield averages of Ethiopian cereal crops.

Watch out

Maize has the highest national yield per hectare, but teff ranks first in total cultivated area in Ethiopia.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 19-35, then checked twice before it went up

Nitrogen Rate for Malting BarleyCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when determining fertilizer recommendations for barley grown for malting rather than human food.

Watch out

Do not apply the standard food barley nitrogen rate of 60 kg per hectare. High nitrogen levels reduce malt quality.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 19-35, then checked twice before it went up

Teff Seedbed PreparationMethod

When you use it

Use when describing field preparation and planting techniques specific to teff.

Watch out

Teff has tiny seeds and poor early weed competition. Cultivate 4 to 5 times and roll animals across to eliminate large clods before sowing.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 19-35, then checked twice before it went up

Industrial Crops Production and Management

Harvest Timing and Parasitic Weed ErrorsCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when identifying causes of yield loss or seed quality degradation in sesame, noug, and cotton.

Watch out

Harvesting sesame or noug late causes shattering and seed loss, while harvesting noug early causes deformed seeds. Parasitic weeds (dodder and orobanche) in noug must be uprooted and burned before flowering.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 36-46, then checked twice before it went up

Major Industrial Crops SummaryReference tableSesame · Noug · Cotton · +2

Crop	Type	Altitude or Climate	Harvest Indicator
Sesame	Oil crop	Up to $1200\text{ m}$ , warm ( $25\text{--}27\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ )	One third of leaves, stems, and pods turn yellow
Noug	Oil crop	$1800\text{ m}$ to $2000\text{ m}$ , clay soils	Leaves turn from green to brown and yellow
Cotton	Fiber crop	Warm climate, drought-tolerant	At least $50\%$ of bolls burst open
Sisal	Fiber crop	Sea level up to $1800\text{ m}$	Leaves reach $1.2\text{ m}$ height and $15\text{ cm}$ width
Sugar cane	Sugar crop	Long warm season, fertile soils	$14$ to $18\text{ months}$ after initial planting

When you use it

Use when comparing classifications, environmental adaptations, and harvest signs across Ethiopian industrial crops.

Watch out

Noug tolerates waterlogging on highland clays, whereas sesame is highly sensitive to excess water and requires well drained lowland sandy loam.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 36-46, then checked twice before it went up

Sugar Cane By-products and RatooningReference tableMolasses · Bagasse · Green tops · +1

Product or Practice	Origin / Part	Primary Industrial Use
Molasses	Dark liquid residue from cane juice	Ethanol production
Bagasse	Fibrous stem residue after juice extraction	Paper, plastics, and fuel
Green tops	Sugarcane foliage and leaves	Direct animal feed
Ratoon crop	Regrowth from harvested root base	Sugarcane harvest for $2$ to $3$ cycles

When you use it

Use when listing the industrial applications of sugarcane by-products or explaining ratoon management.

Watch out

Ratoon crops mature faster at around 12 months compared to 14 to 18 months for the first crop, but ratoon harvests yield less and are limited to 2 or 3 cycles.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 36-46, then checked twice before it went up

Introduction to Farm Animals

Avian Digestive Tract OrgansReference tableCrop · Proventriculus · Gizzard · +2

Organ	Anatomical Location	Primary Digestive Role
Crop	Base of neck	Expandable pouch for temporary storage up to 12 hours
Proventriculus	Glandular stomach	Secretes gastric acid and digestive enzymes
Gizzard	Muscular stomach	Physical grinding and crushing of feed particles
Ceca	Blind pouches	Bacterial fermentation of remaining undigested feed
Cloaca and Vent	Terminal opening	Combines and expels digestive waste and white urine

When you use it

Use to trace feed movement and identify functions of specialized organs in poultry digestion.

Watch out

Chemical digestion with acid occurs in the proventriculus, while physical grinding occurs in the muscular gizzard.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 47-68, then checked twice before it went up

Livestock Production Systems ComparisonReference tableExtensive · Semi-intensive · Intensive

System	Input and Capital	Productivity Level	Main Orientation
Extensive	Low inputs per unit area	Low and slow maturity	Subsistence or animal accumulation
Semi-intensive	Medium inputs	Moderate output	Family consumption with surplus sales
Intensive	High capital and labour inputs	High output and stocking density	Commercial market profit

When you use it

Use to classify farming operations into extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive based on resources, density, and market purpose.

Watch out

Extensive systems utilize large land areas but use very low labor and capital inputs per unit area compared to intensive systems.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 47-68, then checked twice before it went up

Animal Feeds and Feeding Practices

Classification Criteria for Animal FeedsReference tableRoughages · Energy-rich concentrates · Protein-rich concentrates

Feed Class	Crude Fiber	TDN	Crude Protein
Roughages	$> 18\%$	$< 60\%$	Variable
Energy-rich concentrates	$< 18\%$	$> 60\%$	$< 18\%$
Protein-rich concentrates	$< 18\%$	$> 60\%$	$> 18\%$

When you use it

Use when categorizing feedstuffs into roughages or concentrates based on Crude Fiber, TDN, and Crude Protein contents.

Watch out

Roughages have high fiber above 18 percent and low TDN below 60 percent. Concentrates reverse this with fiber below 18 percent and TDN above 60 percent.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 69-93, then checked twice before it went up

Forage Conservation Methods ComparisonReference tablePreservation process · Preserving agent · Final moisture content · +1

Feature	Hay	Silage
Preservation process	Drying (curing)	Anaerobic fermentation
Preserving agent	Sun and wind	Lactic acid ( $pH \le 4$ )
Final moisture content	$15\% - 20\%$	$60\% - 70\%$
Storage structure	Bales or tripod stand	Airtight silo pit or bag

When you use it

Use when comparing hay making and silage making processes, storage conditions, and final moisture targets.

Watch out

Hay relies on aerobic moisture removal down to 15 to 20 percent, whereas silage requires strictly anaerobic fermentation to lower pH below 4.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 69-93, then checked twice before it went up

Pearson Square Ration FormulationFormula

W_A = \frac{|CP_B - CP_{\text{target}}|}{|CP_A - CP_{\text{target}}| + |CP_B - CP_{\text{target}}|} \times W_{\text{total}}

W_A = \frac{|CP_B - CP_{\text{target}}|}{|CP_A - CP_{\text{target}}| + |CP_B - CP_{\text{target}}|} \times W_{\text{total}}

$W_A$: Mass of Feed A required in the ration $\text{kg}$
$CP_A$: Crude protein percentage of Feed A $\%$
$CP_B$: Crude protein percentage of Feed B $\%$
$CP_{\text{target}}$: Desired crude protein percentage of the final ration $\%$
$W_{\text{total}}$: Total mass of the formulated ration to prepare $\text{kg}$

When you use it

Use when calculating the exact masses of two feed ingredients needed to obtain a balanced ration of a target crude protein level.

Watch out

One feed must have a nutrient percentage above the target and the other below it. Subtract diagonally across the square and ignore negative signs.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 69-93, then checked twice before it went up

Silage Storage and Feeding ErrorsCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when identifying restricted livestock groups for silage and improper silo opening practices.

Watch out

Silage must never be fed to monogastric animals, calves under 6 months, or cows in late pregnancy. Never open the entire silo at once because air ingress spoils the remaining silage.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 69-93, then checked twice before it went up

Animal Genetics and Breeding Practices

Animal Identification SystemsReference tablePermanent identification · Temporary identification

Identification Category	Examples	Primary Purpose
Permanent identification	Branding, ear tags, tattooing, ear notches, microchips	Lifelong tracking for pedigree, health, and culling
Temporary identification	Tail marking (pen/chalk), clipping hair, dying fur	Short term herd handling and management

When you use it

Use to classify permanent versus temporary livestock identification techniques.

Watch out

Ear tags and ear notches are permanent methods, whereas tail chalking and dying fur are temporary.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 94-107, then checked twice before it went up

Livestock Breeding SystemsReference tableIn-breeding · Line-breeding · Out-breeding · +1

Breeding System	Relationship of Mated Animals	Key Feature
In-breeding	Closely related (e.g. father to daughter, siblings)	Pure lines, risk of in-breeding depression
Line-breeding	Distantly related (e.g. cousins)	Consolidates ancestor traits, delayed depression
Out-breeding	Unrelated within the same breed	Increased vigor and productivity within breed
Cross-breeding	Different breeds of the same species	Heterosis or hybrid vigor

When you use it

Use to compare related and unrelated breeding systems and their genetic outcomes.

Watch out

Out-breeding occurs within the same breed, whereas cross-breeding occurs between different breeds of the same species.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 94-107, then checked twice before it went up

Methods of Artificial SelectionReference tableMass selection · Progeny selection · Family selection · +1

Selection Method	Basis of Selection
Mass selection	Own individual performance in the field
Progeny selection	Performance of offspring
Family selection	Performance of relatives or family members
Pedigree selection	Performance of ancestors

When you use it

Use to distinguish the four artificial selection methods based on whose performance data is evaluated.

Watch out

Do not confuse pedigree selection (ancestors) with progeny selection (offspring).

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 94-107, then checked twice before it went up

Reproductive TechnologiesReference tableArtificial Insemination (AI) · Embryo Transfer (ET)

Technology	Biological Material	Primary Storage	Key Biological Role
Artificial Insemination (AI)	Semen (sperm cells)	$-196^{\circ}\text{C}$ in liquid nitrogen	Superior male genetics deposited in female reproductive tract
Embryo Transfer (ET)	Fertilized embryos	Transferred fresh or frozen	Superior female (donor) multiplied via surrogate recipient

When you use it

Use to contrast artificial insemination and embryo transfer procedures and biological roles.

Watch out

In embryo transfer, the donor is the superior genetic female, while the recipient surrogate is an inferior productive animal.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 94-107, then checked twice before it went up

Farm Animals Housing

Animal House OrientationReference tableEast-West · North-South

Orientation	Sun Exposure	Primary Advantage
East-West	Blocks direct solar radiation inside	Keeps feed and water shaded, increases feed intake
North-South	Sun strikes floor under roof on both sides	Keeps unpaved floor areas dry throughout the day

When you use it

Use when selecting the directional alignment of farm animal buildings.

Watch out

East-West orientation protects animals and feed troughs from heat, whereas North-South orientation is chosen specifically to keep floor areas dry.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 108-122, then checked twice before it went up

Farm Animal House Construction SpecificationsReference tableRoof Height · Roof Overhang · Floor · +1

Structure	Technical Standard	Purpose
Roof Height	Minimum $3\text{ m}$	Ventilation and removal of noxious gases like $\text{CO}_2$ and $\text{NH}_3$
Roof Overhang	At least $60\text{ cm}$	Protection against direct solar radiation and rain
Floor	Cement concrete with non-slippery grooves	Facilitates drainage, sanitation, and animal foot safety
Wood Walls	Paint preservative every $3$ to $5\text{ years}$	Prevents wood decay and parasite lodgment

When you use it

Use for key construction dimensions and structural requirements of animal shelters.

Watch out

Floor surfaces must have grooves so they are not slippery, and roof overhang must be at least 60 cm to block driving rain.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 108-122, then checked twice before it went up

Farm Animal Housing SystemsReference tableConventional Barns · Loose Housing · Free Range · +1

Housing System	Main Features	Suitability
Conventional Barns	Fully roofed, tied stalls or deep litter	Heavy rainfall and temperate climates
Loose Housing	Free movement, group pens, self-feeding	Tropical climates, most parts of Ethiopia
Free Range	Pasture grazing during day, shed at night	Low-intensity management, fattening animals
Modern Farms	Enriched cages, multi-tier aviary systems	High-investment commercial egg and meat production

When you use it

Use to compare the four primary livestock housing systems and their suitability for different climates.

Watch out

Loose housing is preferred over conventional barns in Ethiopia because it is cheaper and well suited to tropical conditions.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 108-122, then checked twice before it went up

Five Freedoms of Animal WelfareRule

When you use it

Use when evaluating livestock management practices against animal welfare standards.

Watch out

Animal welfare covers mental and physical needs: 1. Freedom from thirst and hunger, 2. Freedom from discomfort, 3. Freedom from disease, pain, or injury, 4. Freedom from distress and fear, 5. Freedom to exhibit natural behaviors.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 108-122, then checked twice before it went up

Site Selection Factors for Livestock HousingRule

When you use it

Use when evaluating location criteria for establishing new animal shelters.

Watch out

Site should be elevated and gently sloping for drainage, separated from residences for odor control, away from highways to prevent disease, and sized to allow future doubling.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 108-122, then checked twice before it went up

Basic Animal Health and Disease Control

Biosecurity and Disease ManagementRule

When you use it

Use when defining disease control terms and management practices.

Watch out

Quarantine applies to newly arrived healthy animals for two weeks, whereas isolation applies to separating animals that are already sick.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 123-134, then checked twice before it went up

Confusing Zoonotic and Non-Zoonotic DiseasesCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when identifying diseases that can transmit from animals to humans.

Watch out

Not all infectious diseases are zoonotic. Brucellosis, anthrax, salmonellosis, and taeniasis transmit to humans, but diseases like CBPP do not.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 123-134, then checked twice before it went up

Internal and External ParasitesReference tableEndoparasites (Internal) · Ectoparasites (External)

Parasite Group	Location on Host	Examples	Control Method
Endoparasites (Internal)	Blood, tissues, digestive tract	Tapeworm, roundworm, liver fluke	Deworming (e.g. piperazine), drenches
Ectoparasites (External)	Skin, hair, skin surface	Ticks, lice, mites, flies	Spraying, dipping with chemicals

When you use it

Use to distinguish between internal and external livestock parasites and their control practices.

Watch out

External parasites damage skins and hides and transmit vector borne diseases like trypanosomiasis and red water.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 123-134, then checked twice before it went up

Dairy Cattle Production and Management

Daily Dry Matter Intake CalculationFormula

\text{DMI} = \text{BW} \times c

\text{DMI} = \text{BW} \times c

$\text{DMI}$: Daily dry matter intake $\text{kg}$
$\text{BW}$: Body weight of dairy cow $\text{kg}$
$c$: Intake factor (0.03 for standard cow, 0.04 for cows yielding above 25 L/day) $\text{dimensionless}$

When you use it

Use to calculate minimum daily feed dry matter required by a dairy cow based on body weight.

Watch out

Two thirds of daily dry matter must come from roughage and one third from concentrates. Cows also require 5 litres of water for every 1 litre of milk produced.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 135-162, then checked twice before it went up

Dairy Cattle Breeds and YieldsReference tableHolstein Friesian · Jersey · Fogera · +3

Breed	Origin	Milk Yield per Lactation	Butterfat %
Holstein Friesian	Netherlands	> 6600 L	$3.6\%$
Jersey	United Kingdom	Moderate	$5.0\%$
Fogera	Ethiopia (Gondar)	915 L	$5.8\%$
Barca (Begait)	Eritrea / Ethiopia	682 L	Variable
Arsi-Bale	Ethiopia (Arsi / Bale)	Up to 516 L	$5.4 - 5.8\%$
Horro	Ethiopia (Wollega)	Up to 543 L	Variable

When you use it

Use when comparing indigenous Ethiopian multi-purpose cattle with exotic dairy breeds for yield and milk composition.

Watch out

Holstein Friesian produces the highest milk volume but has lower butterfat than Jersey and indigenous Ethiopian breeds.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 135-162, then checked twice before it went up

Lactation Peak vs Peak Intake MisalignmentCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when planning feed management across the stages of the lactation cycle.

Watch out

Peak milk yield occurs 4 to 10 weeks after calving, but maximum dry matter intake is reached later, up to 10 weeks after calving. This creates negative energy balance and causes body weight loss.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 135-162, then checked twice before it went up

Milk Processing ParametersReference tablePasteurized milk (LTLT) · Pasteurized milk (HTST) · Yogurt · +2

Product	Temperature / Culture	Duration / Composition
Pasteurized milk (LTLT)	$63 - 65\text{ }^\circ\text{C}$	$20 - 30\text{ min}$
Pasteurized milk (HTST)	$72 - 75\text{ }^\circ\text{C}$	$15 - 30\text{ s}$
Yogurt	L. bulgaricus + S. thermophilus (1:1)	$32 - 47\text{ }^\circ\text{C}$ for $5\text{ h}$
Butter	Churned at $14 - 17\text{ }^\circ\text{C}$	$80 - 85\%\text{ fat, } 15 - 16\%\text{ water}$
Ghee	$110 - 120\text{ }^\circ\text{C}$	Almost entirely butterfat (low moisture)

When you use it

Use for temperature, holding time, bacterial cultures, and composition standards in dairy processing.

Watch out

Pasteurized milk must be immediately cooled to 4 degrees Celsius or below to preserve quality and shelf life.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 135-162, then checked twice before it went up

Milking Order ProtocolMethod

When you use it

Use when determining the sequence of milking cows in a herd to prevent the spread of mastitis and other udder infections.

Watch out

Always milk first-calf heifers free of mastitis first, followed by older mastitis-free cows, then cows with past mastitis history, and lastly cows showing clinical symptoms or abnormal milk.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 135-162, then checked twice before it went up

Introduction to Natural Resources

Forms and Mechanisms of Soil DegradationReference tableWater erosion · Wind erosion · Soil acidification · +2

Degradation Form	Primary Cause	Common Region	Key Impact
Water erosion	High rainfall on exposed soil	Highlands	Topsoil and nutrient loss
Wind erosion	Low vegetation cover and dry soil	Lowlands	Removal of productive topsoil
Soil acidification	Leaching of basic ions ( $K^+$ , $Ca^{2+}$ , $Mg^{2+}$ , $Na^+$ )	Highlands	pH drops below 7, reduced nutrient availability
Soil salinization	Salt-rich irrigation, high evapotranspiration	Lowlands (Rift Valley)	White salt crust, plant dehydration
Physical degradation	Intensive tillage, heavy machinery, overgrazing	Cultivated lands	Soil compaction, reduced root growth and aeration

When you use it

Use when categorizing physical, chemical, and erosion-based soil degradation processes and their regional occurrences.

Watch out

Remember that water erosion and acidification dominate high-rainfall highlands, whereas wind erosion and salinization dominate dry lowlands.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 163-181, then checked twice before it went up

Quantitative Benchmarks in Natural ResourcesReference tableTypical mineral soil · Ideal soil for most crops · Ethiopian soils · +2

System or Resource	Component or Property	Baseline Value
Typical mineral soil	Minerals	$45\%$
Typical mineral soil	Organic material	$5\%$
Typical mineral soil	Pore space (water and air)	$25\%$ water, $25\%$ air
Ideal soil for most crops	Soil reaction (pH)	$6.5\text{ to }7.2$
Ethiopian soils	Acid-affected soils	Approximately $40\%$
Global water distribution	Oceans and seas	Approximately $97\%$
Global water distribution	Freshwater and ice caps/glaciers	$2\%$ fresh water, $1\%$ ice/glaciers
Atmosphere composition	Nitrogen ( $N_2$ ) and Oxygen ( $O_2$ )	$78\%\text{ }N_2$ , $21\%\text{ }O_2$

When you use it

Use when recalling standard compositions of mineral soils, atmospheric gases, global water fractions, and optimal soil pH ranges.

Watch out

Pore space in a typical soil is evenly divided between water ( $25\%$ ) and air ( $25\%$ ), not minerals.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 163-181, then checked twice before it went up

Management of Natural Resources

Indigenous Natural Resource Management in EthiopiaReference tableNorth Shewa · Gumuz

Community	Core Knowledge Base	Specific Management Practices
North Shewa	Physical and vegetative water control systems	40 to 50 cm waterways, connecting ditches, stone lines, vegetative barriers
Gumuz	Customary laws, norms, and sacred beliefs in Yamba (God)	Communal ownership, protection of ancestral heritage, enforcement by elders

When you use it

Use when examining traditional and local approaches to conservation across Ethiopian communities.

Watch out

Under Gumuz customary law, natural resources are strictly communal and cannot be privately owned.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 182-196, then checked twice before it went up

Soil and Water Conservation PracticesReference tableMulching · Mixed cropping · Contour cultivation · +2

Conservation Practice	Mechanism of Action	Key Agricultural Benefit
Mulching	Covering soil with crop residues or plastic	Absorbs raindrop impact, reduces evaporation
Mixed cropping	Growing compatible crops together such as maize and beans	Provides denser canopy coverage against raindrops
Contour cultivation	Plowing and planting opposite to the slope direction	Slows runoff velocity and reduces soil loss
Contour cropping	Planting alternating strips of crops along contour lines	Traps sediments and slows down runoff water
Bench terracing	Creating step-like level platforms on steep slopes	Controls flooding, retains water, e.g. Konso

When you use it

Use when comparing agronomic and structural methods for controlling soil erosion and conserving moisture.

Watch out

Contour cultivation must run across the slope, never down the slope.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 182-196, then checked twice before it went up

Concepts of Biodiversity

Endangered Endemic Species and Protected Areas in EthiopiaCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when answering questions on threatened endemic wildlife and in situ conservation structures in Ethiopia.

Watch out

Do not classify Gelada Baboon as an endangered species in this unit. The textbook explicitly designates Walia Ibex (Capra walie), Mountain Nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), and Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis) as endangered.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 197-210, then checked twice before it went up

Major Invasive Species in EthiopiaReference tableParthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus) · Prosopis juliflora · Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes, Emboch)

Invasive Species	Affected Area	Major Negative Impact
Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus)	Forage and croplands	Invades croplands and pastures, causing significant crop and forage yield loss.
Prosopis juliflora	Awash Valley, Afar and Somali rangelands	Invades grazing lands and suppresses native forage species.
Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes, Emboch)	Awash River basin and Lake Tana	Forms dense canopy, blocks boats, depletes dissolved oxygen, reduces fish, shrinks water volume.

When you use it

Use when identifying invasive plant species in Ethiopia, their target ecosystems, and their ecological damages.

Watch out

Do not confuse terrestrial rangeland invaders like Prosopis juliflora with aquatic invaders like Water hyacinth.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 197-210, then checked twice before it went up

Major Threats to BiodiversityRule

When you use it

Use when listing the primary human and environmental factors driving biodiversity loss.

Watch out

Remember that land use change specifically refers to converting natural forests, grasslands, and woodlands into cultivated agricultural land.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 197-210, then checked twice before it went up

Values and Ecosystem Services of BiodiversityReference tableDirect Provisioning · Regulatory Services · Cultural Services

Service Category	Key Functions and Examples
Direct Provisioning	Food from crops and livestock, firewood, fiber, timber, construction materials, and medicinal resources.
Regulatory Services	Carbon storage for climate regulation, natural predator pest control, pollination by bees, water and air purification, soil erosion control, waste decomposition.
Cultural Services	Recreation, sports, controlled hunting, foreign currency earnings, education, and scientific research.

When you use it

Use when classifying the benefits obtained from biodiversity into provisioning, regulatory, or cultural categories.

Watch out

Pollination, waste decomposition, and soil erosion control are regulatory services, not direct provisioning products.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 197-210, then checked twice before it went up

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Climate Change vs Climate VariabilityReference tableTime scale · Ecosystem impact · Cause

Feature	Climate Change	Climate Variability
Time scale	Long term (decades)	Short term (days, weeks, months)
Ecosystem impact	Causes fundamental changes	Does not cause fundamental changes
Cause	Greenhouse gas accumulation	Natural short term fluctuations

When you use it

Use when distinguishing long term shifts in weather patterns from short term variations.

Watch out

Climate variability is short term and allows organisms to adapt without permanent ecosystem collapse, while climate change causes lasting ecosystem shifts.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 211-224, then checked twice before it went up

Confusing Mitigation with AdaptationCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when classifying climate responses into mitigation or adaptation strategies.

Watch out

Mitigation tackles causes by reducing emissions or enhancing carbon sinks (e.g. afforestation, solar energy), whereas adaptation manages effects by adjusting farming practices (e.g. changing crop varieties, mixed cropping, enset planting).

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 211-224, then checked twice before it went up

Indigenous Climate Knowledge in EthiopiaReference tableGedeo · Konso

Community	Indigenous Practice	Climate Role
Gedeo	Traditional agroforestry and sacred forest protection	Mitigation by storing carbon in biomass and soil
Konso	Traditional stone terracing	Soil conservation, water retention, and enhanced soil carbon storage

When you use it

Use when identifying traditional Ethiopian conservation practices and their role in climate mitigation.

Watch out

Both practices support climate mitigation by increasing carbon sink capacity in vegetation and managed soils.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 211-224, then checked twice before it went up

Triple Goals of Climate Smart AgricultureRule

When you use it

Use when stating the core objectives of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA).

Watch out

A complete CSA strategy must address all three pillars together: increasing sustainable productivity, enhancing adaptation and resilience, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 211-224, then checked twice before it went up

Mechanized Farming

Combine Harvester Four OperationsRule

When you use it

Use when identifying the four harvesting stages integrated into a single combine harvester machine.

Watch out

The four operations are reaping, threshing, gathering, and winnowing. Baling is performed separately by a baler.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 225-234, then checked twice before it went up

Levels of MechanizationReference tableLow level · Fair level · High level

Level	Main Power Source	Power Share
Low level	Manual power (Human)	> 33\%
Fair level	Animal power	34\% - 66\%
High level	Mechanical power	67\% - 100\%

When you use it

Use to classify agricultural mechanization levels based on dominant power source and percentage share.

Watch out

Low level is defined by manual power exceeding 33 percent, whereas fair level is defined by animal power share.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 225-234, then checked twice before it went up

Soil Cultivation ImplementsReference tablePlough · Subsoiler · Cultivator · +2

Implement	Primary Function
Plough	Soil cultivation and seedbed preparation
Subsoiler	Deep tillage to loosen compacted soil
Cultivator	Secondary tillage, weed removal, soil pulverizing
Cultipacker	Crushing clods, removing air pockets, firming seedbeds
Harrow	Smoothing and breaking surface soil lumps

When you use it

Use to identify and match specific soil tillage tools to their field operations.

Watch out

Do not confuse a subsoiler, which performs deep tillage for compacted subsoil, with a cultivator, which performs rotary secondary tillage.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 225-234, then checked twice before it went up

Introduction to Human Nutrition

Body Mass Index FormulaFormula

\text{BMI} = \frac{m}{h^2}

\text{BMI} = \frac{m}{h^2}

$\text{BMI}$: Body Mass Index $\text{kg}\,\text{m}^{-2}$
$m$: body weight $\text{kg}$
$h$: body height $\text{m}$

When you use it

Use when calculating an individual's Body Mass Index from weight and height to assess body weight categories.

Watch out

Height must be in meters before squaring. Dividing weight by height in centimeters gives an incorrect result.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 235-253, then checked twice before it went up

Child Undernutrition Forms and IndicesReference tableStunting · Wasting · Underweight

Form of Malnutrition	Measurement Index	Type of Undernutrition
Stunting	Height-for-age	Chronic or recurrent
Wasting	Weight-for-height	Acute or short term
Underweight	Weight-for-age	Acute and chronic

When you use it

Use to identify and classify the specific forms of child undernutrition from anthropometric indices.

Watch out

Stunting reflects height deficiency relative to age, whereas wasting reflects weight deficiency relative to height.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 235-253, then checked twice before it went up

Macronutrient Energy Values and ProportionsReference tableCarbohydrates · Lipids · Proteins

Macronutrient	Energy Yield	Recommended Daily Calorie Share
Carbohydrates	$4\text{ kcal g}^{-1}$	$45\text{ to }65\%$
Lipids	$9\text{ kcal g}^{-1}$	$20\text{ to }35\%$
Proteins	$4\text{ kcal g}^{-1}$	$10\text{ to }35\%$

When you use it

Use when comparing energy generation per gram and optimal daily calorie contributions of macronutrients.

Watch out

Lipids provide 9 kcal per gram, which is more than double the 4 kcal per gram provided by carbohydrates or proteins.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, pages 235-253, then checked twice before it went up

Diversified Food Production and Consumption

Discarding Soaking Water in GerminationCommon mistake

When you use it

Use when addressing common processing errors that lead to nutrient loss during pulse or grain germination.

Watch out

Grains must be soaked in just enough water so that all of it is absorbed. Throwing away excess soaking water loses vital water-soluble nutrients.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, page 254 onwards, then checked twice before it went up

Indigenous Foods and Edible Wild PlantsReference tableChuko · Kocho · Bamboo shoot · +2

Traditional Source	Scientific or Local Name	Nutritional Value
Chuko	Barley flour and spiced butter	Concentrated source of essential nutrients
Kocho	Enset (Ensete ventricosum)	Major energy-rich traditional staple
Bamboo shoot	Oxytenanthera abyssinica	Rich in essential minerals
Stinging nettle	Urtica simensis	Rich in essential minerals
Wild mushroom	Edible fungal species	Rich in essential minerals

When you use it

Use when identifying Ethiopian traditional foods and wild plant species that contribute to nutrition-sensitive agriculture.

Watch out

Do not confuse wild edible mineral sources like Oxytenanthera abyssinica with common staple crops.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, page 254 onwards, then checked twice before it went up

Nutrient Enrichment StrategiesReference tableFortification · Germination · Fermentation · +1

Method	Key Process	Nutritional Benefit
Fortification	Deliberately adding micronutrients	Prevents large-scale micronutrient deficiencies
Germination	Soaking (8 to 16 h) and sprouting (12 to 24 h)	Increases vitamin B (2x), vitamin C (10x), and digestibility
Fermentation	Breakdown by yeasts or bacteria	Improves absorption of Ca, P, and Fe, dough rises
Roasting	Dry heat cooking in ovens	Seals outer layer to retain natural juices and flavor

When you use it

Use when comparing methods that increase the bioavailability and nutrient content of foods at household or industrial levels.

Watch out

Germination and fermentation increase nutrient content naturally, whereas fortification deliberately adds external vitamins and minerals.

Drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, page 254 onwards, then checked twice before it went up

The same subject in other years

An exam paper keeps asking for what the year below taught. Those cards are here too.

Grade 1259 cards

Your other Grade 11 subjects

Everything else in this year that has cards so far.

Questions students ask

What do the Grade 11 Agriculture cards cover?: 55 cards across 16 chapters of the national textbook: Introduction to Crop Production, Field Crops Production and Management, Industrial Crops Production and Management, Introduction to Farm Animals, Animal Feeds and Feeding Practices, Animal Genetics and Breeding Practices, Farm Animals Housing, Basic Animal Health and Disease Control and 8 more. You can take any chapter one card at a time on the page itself.
Is there a national exam in Grade 11?: No. Ethiopia sets national exams in Grade 6, Grade 8 and Grade 12 only. These cards are for your school's own exams, and for the national exam that comes a few years later.
Where do these cards come from?: They are drafted from Grade 11 Agriculture, the Ministry of Education textbook for this grade. A second pass that cannot see the chapter then re-derives every formula, constant and table row, and anything it cannot confirm is held back instead of published.
Is this free?: Yes. Every card here is free to read and the printable sheet is free to download. Neither needs an account.
When was this last checked?: 30 August 2026. Cards arrive chapter by chapter, and the line under each one says when that card was last read through.

Revise, then test yourself

Temari turns these cards into practice questions and marks them as you go, with an AI tutor to explain anything that did not land.

Start free