Free short notes and revision cards
Grade 9 Information Technology on Temari has 26 revision cards, arranged by the chapters of the Ethiopian national curriculum. Every card says when the rule applies, what each symbol in it stands for, and the mistake students most often make with it. They are free to read and need no account.
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When you use it
Use when deciding whether to duplicate a file or transfer it to a new directory.
Watch out
Copying creates an extra duplicate file on your computer. If you only want one copy in the new folder, use Move (Cut and Paste) instead.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 1-36, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this distinction when identifying computer hardware storage versus operating system control software.
Watch out
Do not confuse drive with driver. A drive is a physical hardware storage component, while a driver is software that lets hardware communicate with the operating system.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 1-36, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when removing unwanted files or managing disk storage space.
Watch out
Deleting a folder deletes all files and subfolders inside it. System files in the local disk must not be deleted as it harms computer operation.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 1-36, then checked twice before it went up
| Shortcut Key | Action |
|---|---|
| Win + E | Open File Explorer |
| Ctrl + C | Copy selected item |
| Ctrl + X | Cut (move) selected item |
| Ctrl + V | Paste item |
| F2 | Rename selected item |
| Shift + Delete | Permanently delete item |
When you use it
Use these keyboard shortcuts to quickly manage files and folders in Windows File Explorer.
Watch out
Pressing Shift + Delete bypasses the Recycle Bin and deletes the item permanently.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 1-36, then checked twice before it went up
| Feature | Client-Server Network | Peer-to-Peer Network |
|---|---|---|
| Central Server | Dedicated server manages resources | No dedicated server, all peers are equal |
| Security | Centralized high security on server | Share-level trust-based security |
| Node Roles | Clients request, server responds | Every node can both request and respond |
| Cost and Scale | Costlier, stable for large networks | Cheaper, difficult if nodes exceed 10 |
When you use it
Use when contrasting network access models based on resource management, security, and hierarchy.
Watch out
In peer-to-peer, each computer is responsible for its own data. In client-server, security and files are centralized.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 37-71, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when choosing between networking devices based on how they handle network traffic and addressing.
Watch out
A hub broadcasts data to all connected devices. A switch forwards data only to the destination port using physical addresses. A router connects different networks using routing tables.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 37-71, then checked twice before it went up
| Device | Network Role | Operational Characteristic |
|---|---|---|
| NIC | Connects a computer to network medium | Contains physical port or wireless antenna |
| Repeater | Regenerates and boosts weak signals | Extends network distance by cleaning noise |
| Switch | Interconnects devices within a LAN | Uses physical address table to forward packets |
| Router | Interconnects different dissimilar networks | Uses routing table to find the best route |
| WAP | Bridges wireless devices to wired LAN | Uses Wi-Fi or Bluetooth radio signals |
When you use it
Use when identifying the function of hardware devices that connect, route, or regenerate data between hosts.
Watch out
A Switch creates a local network (LAN). A Router is required to connect different networks together.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 37-71, then checked twice before it went up
| Network Type | Geographical Coverage | Typical Example |
|---|---|---|
| PAN | Up to | Bluetooth connected devices |
| LAN | to (building or campus) | School laboratory or office |
| MAN | to (entire city) | City-wide bank branch network |
| WAN | to (globe) | The Internet |
When you use it
Use when identifying or comparing network types based on physical distance and geographic coverage.
Watch out
Bluetooth is a PAN, not a LAN. The Internet is the prime example of a WAN.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 37-71, then checked twice before it went up
| Topology | Physical Layout | Main Advantage | Vulnerability / Point of Failure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bus | Single long backbone cable | Cheap and uses least cabling | Break in backbone disables whole network |
| Star | Dedicated link to central switch | Fault tolerant and easy to install | Central switch failure disables all nodes |
| Ring | Circular loop to two adjacent neighbors | Easy fault isolation | Failure of a single node disables whole ring |
| Mesh | Direct point-to-point link to every node | Most secure and fault tolerant | Extremely expensive and complex cabling |
When you use it
Use when comparing network topologies by structure, cabling requirements, benefits, and failure behavior.
Watch out
In a Star network, one cable breaking affects only that computer, but switch failure breaks the entire network.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 37-71, then checked twice before it went up
| Operator | Operation | Example Formula | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | = | |
| - | Subtraction | = | |
| * | Multiplication | = | |
| / | Division | = | |
| ^ | Exponentiation | = | |
| % | Percent |
When you use it
Use these operators to construct mathematical calculation formulas in Excel worksheets.
Watch out
All formulas must start with an equal sign (=), otherwise Excel treats the input as plain text.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 72-144, then checked twice before it went up
| Indent Marker or Method | Action |
|---|---|
| First-line indent marker | Adjusts the first line indent of a paragraph |
| Hanging indent marker | Adjusts all lines in a paragraph except the first line |
| Left indent marker | Moves first-line and hanging indent markers together |
| Tab key | Quickest method to indent a single existing paragraph |
When you use it
Use when adjusting the distance of paragraph text away from the left or right margin.
Watch out
Dragging the Left indent marker moves both the first-line and hanging indent markers at the same time.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 72-144, then checked twice before it went up
| View Name | Main Function |
|---|---|
| Normal View | Create and edit slides, thumbnails, and speaker notes |
| Slide Sorter View | Reorder, hide, and set timing using slide thumbnails |
| Notes Page View | Create and print full-page notes for each slide |
| Reading / Slide Show View | Display the presentation full-screen to the audience |
When you use it
Use to switch between different working environments while designing, organizing, or presenting slides.
Watch out
Hiding a slide in Slide Sorter View keeps it in the file, but it will not appear during the presentation.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 72-144, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use relative references (like A1) when formulas should shift across rows or columns, and absolute references (like 1) when a referenced cell must stay constant.
Watch out
Forgetting the dollar sign ($) or pressing F4 causes the referenced cell to shift incorrectly when dragging the fill handle.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 72-144, then checked twice before it went up
| Alignment | Shortcut | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Left Alignment | Ctrl + L | Aligns text evenly along the left margin |
| Center Alignment | Ctrl + E | Centers text between margins for titles |
| Right Alignment | Ctrl + R | Aligns text evenly along the right margin |
| Justification | Ctrl + J | Aligns text evenly to both left and right margins |
When you use it
Use to format the horizontal orientation and edges of paragraphs or headings in Microsoft Word.
Watch out
Center alignment is meant for titles and headings, not for long paragraphs.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 72-144, then checked twice before it went up
| Defect | Underlying Cause | Correction Method in Photoshop |
|---|---|---|
| Red Eye | Camera flash positioned right above lens | Red Eye Tool under Healing Brush |
| Hot Spot | Flash reflecting on shiny skin or surfaces | Clone Stamp Tool set to Darken blend mode |
| Underexposure | Shooting indoors without flash | Duplicate layer (Ctrl + J) and adjust Exposure |
| Dull Colors | Muted or low color intensity | Hue/Saturation adjustment layer |
When you use it
Use when diagnosing photographic defects caused by lighting or camera flash and selecting their fix.
Watch out
When using Clone Stamp for hot spots, you must change the Blend Mode from Normal to Darken so only pixels lighter than the sample point are replaced.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 145-191, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Reference when manipulating black, grey, or white sliders in a Levels adjustment layer.
Watch out
Dragging the black or white slider past the edges of the histogram data causes clipping. This permanently destroys tonal details in shadows or highlights.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 145-191, then checked twice before it went up
| Sharpening Method | Core Settings | Operating Principle |
|---|---|---|
| Unsharp Mask | Amount, Radius (0.3 to 0.5), Threshold | Subtracts a blurry mask to detect edges, then increases edge contrast |
| Smart Sharpen | Amount (start 150%), Radius (1 to 2) | Enhances edge sharpness with built-in Noise Reduction controls |
| High Pass Filter | Radius (2 to 5), Blend Mode (Overlay, Soft Light) | Extracts edges onto a gray layer and blends contrast into the original |
When you use it
Select when choosing an appropriate sharpening technique to enhance image edge definition and clarity.
Watch out
High Pass filter requires converting the layer into a Smart Object first to keep the sharpening non-destructive and editable.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 145-191, then checked twice before it went up
| Category | Tools | Primary Function |
|---|---|---|
| Selection | Move, Lasso, Object Selection | Selects, isolates, and moves objects or layers |
| Crop and Slice | Crop Tool, Slice | Cuts out and removes unwanted outer areas |
| Retouching | Spot Healing Brush, Clone Stamp | Removes blemishes and samples pixels across areas |
| Painting | Brush, Gradient, Eraser | Applies strokes, color transitions, or deletes pixels |
| Navigation | Hand, Zoom | Navigates view and magnifies specific pixel areas |
When you use it
Consult when identifying the proper image editing tool category and its dedicated purpose.
Watch out
The toolbar displays single tools by default. Right click or click the small arrow on a tool icon to access hidden sub-tools.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 145-191, then checked twice before it went up
| Principle | Meaning | Violation Example |
|---|---|---|
| Confidentiality | Restricting data access to intended audience only | Unauthorized person reading exam results |
| Integrity | Ensuring data is trusted, authentic, and not wrongly changed | Unauthorized alteration of student marks |
| Availability | Ensuring systems and data are accessible when needed | DoS attack halting banking services |
When you use it
Use this to classify computer security requirements and evaluate whether a system protects privacy, correctness, or accessibility.
Watch out
Do not confuse confidentiality with integrity. Confidentiality stops unauthorized viewing, while integrity stops unauthorized modification.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 192-216, then checked twice before it went up
| Attack Type | Mechanism |
|---|---|
| Denial of service (DoS) | Floods targets with requests to block legitimate users |
| Phishing | Sends fraudulent emails appearing from reputable sources to steal data |
| Man in the middle | Intercepts and steals data from communication between two parties |
| Eavesdropping | Sniffs unencrypted data transmitted across open networks |
| SQL injection | Injects unauthorized input into a database SQL query via a website |
| Social engineering | Creates a manipulative social situation to trick users into giving data |
When you use it
Use this to identify the specific cyber-attack method described in a scenario or exam question.
Watch out
Phishing relies on deceptive messaging like fake emails, while Eavesdropping intercepts raw transmission traffic on open networks.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 192-216, then checked twice before it went up
| Loss Category | Definition |
|---|---|
| Destruction or loss of information | Hardware breakdown or permanent loss of data |
| Corruption of information | Unauthorized alteration of stored files or records |
| Theft of services | Unauthorized use of computer or network resources |
| Illegal usage | Using normal system functions for unlawful or harmful behavior |
| Disclosure of information | Disseminating private data to unauthorized individuals |
| Denial of use | Degrading or blocking access to authorized users |
| Elevation of privilege | Exploiting system weakness to gain higher user access rights |
When you use it
Use this to categorize the specific damage or impact caused by an information security breach.
Watch out
Elevation of privilege is gaining higher user rights than assigned, while theft of services is using legitimate privileges for unauthorized purposes.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 192-216, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use this when explaining the balance between human behavior and technical safeguards in computer security.
Watch out
Remember that 90% of security relies on users following good computing practices, and only 10% on technical tools, not the reverse.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 192-216, then checked twice before it went up
| Malware Type | Core Characteristic |
|---|---|
| Virus | Replicates itself to alter program functioning |
| Worm | Independent program that infects via network devices |
| Trojan horse | Disguises as a legitimate program to steal or damage |
| Spyware | Secretly tracks user activities and information |
| Ransomware | Locks system files and demands payment for release |
| Key logger | Records keyboard strokes to steal credentials |
| Adware | Advertising software that can slow down devices or install threats |
| Botnets | Network of infected machines remotely controlled by an attacker |
When you use it
Use this to distinguish among different malicious software types based on their method of operation.
Watch out
A worm is an independent program that spreads over networks, whereas a virus requires host code or user actions to replicate.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, pages 192-216, then checked twice before it went up
When you use it
Use when identifying control structures in flowcharts and algorithms.
Watch out
A diamond symbol by itself is a decision (selection). It only becomes a repetition (loop) if a flow line loops back to an earlier step.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, page 217 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
| Step | Polya General Method | Computer Science Adaptation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Understand the problem | Understand the problem |
| 2 | Make a plan | Develop an algorithm |
| 3 | Execute the plan | Write the program |
| 4 | Review and extend | Test the program |
When you use it
Use when outlining the systematic stages of solving computational problems.
Watch out
Do not write code directly before completing step 2 which is developing the algorithm.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, page 217 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
| Approach | Starting Point | Core Strategy |
|---|---|---|
| Top-down | General main problem | Decomposes a large problem into smaller manageable modules |
| Bottom-up | Individual small modules | Integrates basic existing modules to build a complete program |
When you use it
Use when choosing a problem-solving strategy for designing complex computer programs.
Watch out
Top-down divides from top to bottom, while bottom-up combines existing small pieces upward into a system.
Drafted from Grade 9 Information Technology, page 217 onwards, then checked twice before it went up
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